Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Rosh Hashanah 1:3

עַל שִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים הַשְּׁלוּחִין יוֹצְאִין, עַל נִיסָן מִפְּנֵי הַפֶּסַח, עַל אָב מִפְּנֵי הַתַּעֲנִית, עַל אֱלוּל מִפְּנֵי רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה, עַל תִּשְׁרֵי מִפְּנֵי תַקָּנַת הַמּוֹעֲדוֹת, עַל כִּסְלֵו מִפְּנֵי חֲנֻכָּה, וְעַל אֲדָר מִפְּנֵי הַפּוּרִים. וּכְשֶׁהָיָה בֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּם, יוֹצְאִין אַף עַל אִיָּר מִפְּנֵי פֶסַח קָטָן:

Pendant six mois, des messagers sortent. [Quand Beth-Din a sanctifié la Nouvelle Lune, ils ont envoyé (des messagers) pour informer l'exil quel jour ils avaient sanctifié, si le trentième, de sorte que le mois passé était défectueux; ou le trente et unième, de sorte que le mois passé était plein. (Et les messagers de Beth-Din ne peuvent profaner ni Shabbath ni Yom tov.)]: Pour Nissan, car cela affecte (la date de) Pessa'h; pour Av, car il affecte le jeûne (du neuvième de Av) [plus d'afflictions nous sont alors arrivées qu'aux (dates des) autres jeûnes.]; pour Elul, comme cela affecte Rosh Hashanah [Ils nous apprennent quand c'est Elul, et Rosh Hashanah est observé le trentième d'Elul en exil. Pendant la plupart des années, Elul n'est pas intercalé. Et même s'il y a la possibilité que Beth-Din puisse l'intercaler, ils (ceux en exil) n'ont aucun moyen de le savoir, de sorte que, forcément, ils doivent suivre la majorité des années. Et s'ils ne savaient pas quand Elul a commencé, ils ne sauraient pas son trentième jour.]; pour Tishrei, car il affecte la bonne institution des festivals. [Les messagers sortent le lendemain de la sanctification de Tichri par Beth-Din, et vont aussi loin qu'ils le peuvent jusqu'au festival, les informant si Beth-din avait intercalé Elul, afin qu'ils ne soient pas inquiets sur Yom Kippour et Succoth (comme pour savoir s'ils les observent en leur temps approprié)]; pour Kislev, car il affecte Hanoucca; et pour Adar, car il affecte Pourim. Et quand le Temple se tenait, ils sortaient aussi pour Iyyar, car cela affecte "le petit Pessa'h" [Pessa'h Sheni].

Bartenura on Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

שלוחין יוצאין – When the Jewish court sanctified the New Moon, they send out and announce to the Diaspora the day which they sanctified it (i.e., the beginning of the new month), if it is on the thirtieth day and the previous month was missing [a day], [or] on the thirty-first day and the previous month was full. And the messengers of the Jewish court do not violate either the Sabbath or the Festivals.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

There are six months [at the beginning of which] messengers go out.
On Nisan because of Pesah;
On Av because of the fast.
On Elul because of Rosh Hashanah.
On Tishri because of the setting of the festivals.
On Kislev because of Hanukah.
And on Adar because of Purim.
When the Temple stood, they used also to go out to report Iyar because of Pesah Katan (Pesah.

In order to know what date holidays would fall on, people would need to know on what day the previous month had begun. This would be simple for those living in and near Jerusalem because they could immediately find out whether the court had decreed the thirtieth day of the previous month to be Rosh Hodesh. Our mishnah teaches that they used to send out messengers from Jerusalem so that people who lived further away could also find out when Rosh Hodesh had been decreed. However, they did not send these messengers out every month of the year, only on months which contained holidays.
Most of this mishnah is self-explanatory. Note that messengers do not need to go out for Shavuot because once one knows when Pesah falls, the date of Shavuot is known automatically.
Section two: “The fast” refers to Tisha B’av, the Ninth of Av.
Section three: Messengers would go out on Elul so that people would be able to celebrate Rosh Hashanah on the thirtieth day of Elul, lest that day turns out to be the first of Tishri. They would celebrate Rosh Hashanah on the next day as well, lest Elul has thirty days.
Section four: On Tishri the messengers would go out so that people would know when Yom Kippur and Sukkot fall.
Section seven: Pesah Sheni was the second chance for people to offer the pesah sacrifice if they did not offer it the first time (see Numbers 9:10-11 and Mishnah Pesahim 9:1). After the destruction of the Temple this holiday lost any practical relevance. We should note that by noting that when the Temple stood messengers went out for Pesah Sheni the mishnah also teaches that for all of the rest of the holidays the messengers still go out. After the destruction of the Temple only Pesah Sheni has lost its relevance.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

ועל אב מפני התענית – since troubles were doubled more than on the rest of the Fast Days.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

ועל אלול מפני ר"ה – We announce when [the month of ] Elul ‘begins] and we make Rosh Hashanah on the thirtieth day of Elul in the Diaspora, since in most years, Elul is not a leap month, and even though there was a doubt in their hands lest the Jewish Court make it a leap month, it is impossible for them to know [definitely], and perforce we go after the majority of years, for if they did not know when [Elul] begins, they did not know when its thirtieth day.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

ועל תשרי מפני תקנת המועדות – for after the Jewish court had sanctified Tishrei, the messengers went out on the day afterwards and went until the place where they were able to arrive until the Holiday (i.e., Sukkot) and they would announce to them if the Jewish court had made Elul a leap month or not, in order that they would not have scruples about [if they were celebrating] Yom Kippur and Sukkot [at the proper time].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Rosh Hashanah

פסח קטן – The Second Passover (14 Iyar)
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